• IL is not expressed in

  2021-04-21

  

  IL-8 is not expressed in tissues constitutively because of its strong chemoattractant, proinflammatory, and angiogenic activities. Rather, it is an inducible factor, produced by a variety of cell types, including leukocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial and epithelial cells, in response to proinflammato

• Targeting a specific cell type rather than the

  2021-04-21

  

  Targeting a specific cell type, rather than the broad cytotoxicity exhibited by some of the pharmacological agents currently used to treat lupus, may improve efficacy and decrease off target toxicity. Thus, evidence that macrophages and microglia are important to the pathogenesis of LN and NPSLE, re

• Physiological changes induced by CRF are

  2021-04-21

  

  Physiological changes induced by CRF are mediated through CRF1 and CRF2 receptors (Chang et al., 1993, Lovenberg et al., 1995). Previous findings with CRF1 receptor antagonists showed that activation of CRF1 receptor is involved in maternal separation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations (Kehne et al.,

• DC_AC50 Although the analysis described above goes far to ex

  2021-04-21

  

  Although the analysis described above goes far to explain the mechanism of DC_AC50 perturbations through CHK1 inhibition, it raises important questions about the mechanism by which WT RAS isoforms promote CHK1 S280 phosphorylation. Previous reports have shown that both the MAPK-RSK and PI3K-AKT pat

• Co operation or synergy between PKA and

  2021-04-20

  

  Co-operation or synergy between PKA and Epac has been recently reported in PCCL3 thyroid cell line in which cAMP is pro-mitogenic, in 7389 receptor to VSMC [19]. Our study demonstrates for the first time that PKA and Epac also synergise to inhibit cell proliferation in a cell type where cAMP in ant

• Molecular docking study of compound was performed using the

  2021-04-20

  

  Molecular docking study of Neochlorogenic acid was performed using the Schrödinger Small-Molecule Drug Discovery Suite taking advantage of known X-ray crystal structures of activated EPAC2 protein. The model shows that compound occupies the CBD of EPAC2 and forms hydrogen bonds with Arg448 and the c

• In order to evaluate the in vivo

  2021-04-20

  

  In order to evaluate the in vivo pharmacology associated with EP receptor antagonism, we wished to discover antagonists presenting a higher degree of selectivity over the other prostanoid receptors. We also wanted to increase the brain–blood ratio since it is probable that centrally mediated EP agon

• Another interesting finding regarding substrate selectivity

  2021-04-20

  

  Another interesting finding regarding substrate selectivity of iPLA2-VIA in whole cellular systems stems from the observation that some of the major species hydrolyzed by the enzyme contain a 16:1 fatty α-mangostin at the sn-2 position [57,119], raising the possibility that iPLA2-VIA may constitute

• br Conclusion The past few years have witnessed substantial

  2021-04-20

  

  Conclusion The past few years have witnessed substantial progress in understanding the structural mechanisms of substrate recognition and the reactions catalyzed by the O-GlcNAc-cycling enzymes, but more work remains. In particular, future research will be needed to establish how OGT and OGA inte

• ER redox imbalance leads to the

  2021-04-20

  

  ER redox imbalance leads to the accumulation of misfolded proteins, which might trigger the unfolded protein response (UPR) [17]. In the initiation of UPR, GRP78 preferentially binds to unfolded proteins, shifting the binding equilibrium away from IRE-1, PERK, and ATF-6, the initiators of UPR [18].

• Studies have focused on a hydrophobic cage at

  2021-04-20

  

  Studies have focused on a hydrophobic cage at the CULT domain, conserved from bacteria to mammals, as it binds to substrates and IMiDs (Chamberlain et al., 2014, Lupas et al., 2015). In addition, CRBN ligand-mediated protein degradation was highly conserved, which was confirmed in vertebrates by foc

• br Discussion and conclusion Ubiquitination and deubiquitina

  2021-04-20

  

  Discussion and conclusion Ubiquitination and deubiquitination have emerged as important mechanisms involved in p53 management. This review revealed that various DUBs can regulate p53 or p53-Mdm2-MdmX networks. Herein, we reviewed the current progress made toward elucidating the complexities in th

• br Conclusion br Conflict of interest br Acknowledgment The

  2021-04-20

  

  Conclusion Conflict of interest Acknowledgment The authors acknowledge the grant support of the Tehran University of Medical Sciences (94-02-49-29647). Introduction Earlier in vitro observations have also established that the human 5-HT2A, while very similar to the rat isoform, exhibits

• CellProfiler and OpenComet are two open source software

  2021-04-20

  

  CellProfiler and OpenComet are two open source software available in internet to analyse silver stained comet assay images. With CellProfiler [19], Gonzalez et al. [18] modified the pipeline provided in the website by adding a background subtraction module and two filtering modules to quantify DNA d

• Family and twin studies have estimated the heritability of o

  2021-04-20

  

  Family and twin studies have estimated the heritability of obesity to be between 40 and 70% [5], [6], [7]. However, all known risk variants can only account for ∼3% of the variance in BMI [8], [9]. Therefore, alternate methods are needed to identify additional risk factors. In recent decades, Drosop

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